在眾多研究和商家的推動下,NAD+家族已經被神化成了『長生不老藥』。而作為NAD+的直接前體,NMN是其中的佼佼者,最近更是借著股市的威勢乘風破浪。距離NAD+同樣一步之遙的NADH,帶了『氫』,還原型NAD+的加持,效果似乎更勝一籌。一些商家甚至稱,NADH直接轉化NAD+強力延壽,效果上更是四倍於NMN。
真的如此麼?
01
NAD+與NADH:有聯系,但區別更大
煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸《NAD+》是生物體內許多脫氫酶《/氧化酶》的輔酶,有傳遞氫和電子的功能,在接收別的物質被氧化後脫下來的氫和電子之後,NAD+就變為了還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸《NADH》[1]。
圖註:NAD+的加氫和NADH的脫氫反應相互轉化
NAD+和NADH在細胞內各種基礎生化反應中相互轉化。但一般來說,細胞質內的NAD+/NADH比值約為60-700,線粒體內的NAD+/NADH比值保持在7-8[2,3]。這種NAD+明顯多於NADH的數量關系才能維持正常的線粒體膜電位,保證正常的線粒體功能和細胞能量代謝[4-6]。
圖註:NAD+/NADH參與糖代謝和生物氧化《@TRENDS in Endocrinology & Metabolism,時光派編譯》
NAD+/NADH的生物學作用,就同『綠巨人浩克』與變身前『班納』一樣,之間有聯系,可區別也很大:至少,NAD+通過激活長壽蛋白Sirtuins來延緩衰老的功能,NADH就是沒有的。
圖註:NAD+與NADH的生物學作用《WEIHAI YANG,et al.》
其中還值得拿出來一講的是NADH會引發『還原性應激』,很多人看到NADH名字裡的『還原型』三個字,會想當然地把它認定為還原劑。但是研究已經證明了,過量的NADH會加速ROS生成,加重氧化[10,11],『還原型』反倒成了NADH的原罪。
圖註:NAD+/NADH與氧化還原和衰老過程的關系《WEIHAI YANG,et al.》
02
NADH還可能讓你的『長壽藥』白吃
目前針對NAD+的研究已經證實了:隨著年齡增長,某些組織內NAD+不斷減少;很多人不知道的是,NADH在這個過程中也在不斷增加,與老化相關[18]。
圖註:人類腦細胞中總NAD、NAD+和NADH水平隨年齡變化[18]
NAD+和NADH之間還有著一種『此消彼長』的關系:一項研究讓受試者補充NADH,在用藥8周後測定血液單核細胞內NAD+和NADH含量,結果發現細胞內NAD+水平下降,NADH水平上升,NAD+/NADH比值下降[19]。
圖註:補充NADH 8周後血單核細胞內NAD+、NADH水平和NAD+/NADH變化[19]
熱量限制《CR》是目前公認最有效的『續命』方式,它就是通過調節Sir2降低NADH水平、升高NAD+/NADH比值來起到延壽的作用[20]。
圖註:NAD+/NADH ——『天平的兩端』
綜上所述,我們認為:以目前的研究來看,外源性補充NADH會提升細胞內NADH水平,降低NAD+水平,可能不利於延長壽命。如果和NMN、NR這類NAD+補充劑『長壽藥』同服,最終的結果是花了雙份錢卻 『吃了個寂寞』。
把NADH包裝成『長壽藥』的商人,其實更應該多吃吃自家產品——『救智、補腦』。
03
NADH真正的跑道:可能是神經 『萬靈藥』,卻並非『聰明藥』
NADH真正『跑起來』,是學者們發現了NADH能間接地為酪氨酸羥化酶催化的多巴胺合成限速步驟提供還原當量,促進內源性左旋多巴《多巴胺前體物質》的合成[21];同時也有證據表明,NADH能夠增加血漿左旋多巴的生物利用度[22]。NADH還有著調節線粒體能量代謝、調節鈣穩態、調節大腦基因表達、抗凋亡等多種作用,讓它成為有望成為攀越神經系統疾病治療這座高峰的『種子選手』。
上世紀90年代以來,用NADH治療各種神經系統疾病有效的研究報道一時間如雨後春筍般出現:
改善帕金森病《PD》[23,24]、阿爾茨海默症《AD,『老年癡呆』》 [22]、 『時差病』[25]和慢性疲勞綜合征《CFS》[26,27];甚至有望將其用於治療亨廷頓舞蹈病《HD》、腦外傷後/腦梗死後腦損傷、多發性硬化症《MS》和腦瘤等『絕症』 [28-36]
多巴胺與學習和記憶有著千絲萬縷的聯系[37,38],成就了今天NADH在保健品領域『考生必備‘聰明藥’』的地位,很多人試圖服用它來集中注意力、提升工作學習效率。
圖註:某寶上的NADH『聰明藥』廣告
但是,目前的研究隻證實了服用NADH可能改善病理狀態下《AD、CFS和時差調整狀態》患者的認知功能,在正常人身上的有效性和安全性的研究尚缺。因此,我們也不主張正常人『拿到半截就開跑』,將NADH作為提高記憶和學習能力的補劑來服用。
時光派點評:
對人體自身奧秘的探索過程,和那些試圖解秘森羅萬象的所有科學研究過程都一樣——就像拼圖遊戲,是用碎片去構擬還原出一個全景,這個過程中難免會拼錯那麼一塊兩塊,需要不斷地去修正;我們現在所能看到的是現有拼圖的模樣,可能隻是成品的冰山一角。
所以,我們隻能告訴你,在結合現有研究證據分析之後,我們認為:NADH有潛力成為一款治療許多神經系統疾病的好藥,但未必利於延壽,不建議未患影響認知功能的疾病的正常人把NADH當作補劑去服用。希望NADH早日『青春歸位』,不會再被用來騙人,回到屬於自己的領域去發光發熱!
每次與NAD+代謝流上的相關物質接觸,筆者總能聞到一股難以名狀的『怪味兒』:NAD+利益相關者把NADH貶得一錢不值,NADH把NAD+妖化成洪水猛獸,NAD+各類補充劑再明爭暗鬥……
我想,負責任的科普應該是羅列事實而臧否兩論。我們不反對靠科普來賺錢,所以我們也開起了自己的小店;但是以撈錢為目的而扭曲事實去科普,說實話,真的有點臭。
參考文獻《滑動查看》:
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